? 2000 fairchild semiconductor corporation an010646 www.fairchildsemi.com fairchild semiconductor application note february 1990 revised may 2000 AN-684 100336 four-stage counter/shift register AN-684 100336 four-stage counter/shift register introduction many system designs require bi-directional counting and shifting functions. in most cases these functions are sepa- rate and unique requirements within the system design. for this reason, separate catalog parts are available. in some cases however, there is a requirement to have a device that will allow both counting and shifting functions. this is especially true in arithmetic, timing, sequential, or communication applications. fairchild offers a very versa- tile counter/shift register in the 100336. this application note describes its function in detail and offers some simple uses. description the 100336 contains four synchronous, presettable flip- flops. synchronous operation is provided by having all flip- flops clocked simultaneously so that all output changes coincide. this mode of operation eliminates counting spikes on the outputs which are normally associated with asynchronous counters. the clock input is buffered and triggers the four flip-flops on the rising (positive-going) edge. the counters are fully programmable allowing the outputs to be set to either a high (1) or low (0). as presetting is synchronous, setting low levels on the select inputs (s 0 -s 2 ) (see table 1) disables the counter and causes the outputs to agree with the parallel inputs (p 3 ?p 0 ) on the next rising edge of the clock. loading is accomplished regardless of the levels of the two enables (cep , cet ). table 1. function select table the 100336 features both synchronous and asynchronous clear functions. the synchronous clear is performed by set- ting a binary five (101b) at the select inputs. on the next rising edge of the clock, the outputs will be forced low (0000) regardless of the levels at the enable inputs. a buff- ered asynchronous master reset (mr) is provided to clear all outputs low (0000) regardless of the levels of the clock, select, or enable inputs. count up/count down functions are selected with the select inputs (s 2 ?s 0 ). these are synchronous operations and the outputs will increment/decrement in value on the rising edge of the clock. both count enable inputs (cep , cet ) must be true (low) to count. the terminal count output (tc ) becomes active-low when the count reaches zero in the down mode or fifteen in the up mode. its duration is approximately equal to one period of the clock. the tc out- put is not recommended for use as a clock or synchronous reset for flip-flops. see figure 1 for timing relationships in up/down counting. in simple ripple-carry cascading applications the terminal count tc is fed forward to enable the trickle enable (cet ) input. this method is increasingly inefficient as the count- ing chain lengthens. the upper limit of the clock frequency is determined by the clock-to-terminal-count delay of the first stage, the cumulative trickle-enable (cet )-to-terminal- count delay of the intermediate stages, and the trickle- enable-to-clock delay of the last stage. for faster counting rates a carry-lookahead scheme is necessary. in this scheme the ripple delay through the intermediate stages commences with the same clock that causes the first stage to change over from max to min in the up mode, or from min to max in the down mode. since the final count cycle takes 16 clocks to complete, there is ample time for the ripple to propagate through the intermediate stages. the critical timing that limits the counting rate is the clock- to-terminal-count of the first stage plus the parallel-enable- to-clock (cep ) setup time of the last stage. figure 2 shows the connections for the fast-carry counting scheme. s 2 s 1 s 0 function l l l parallel load l l h complement l h l shift left l h h shift right h l l count down h l h clear h h l count up h h h hold
www.fairchildsemi.com 2 AN-684 typical clear, load, and count sequences illustrated below is the following sequence: 1. clear outputs to zero. 2. load (preset) to binary thirteen. 3. count up to fourteen, fifteen, carry, zero, one, and two. 4. count down to one, zero, borrow, fifteen, fourteen, and thirteen. 5. inhibit counting. note: a mr overrides enables, data, and count inputs. figure 1. 100336 used as binary up/down counter figure 2. fast carry counting scheme
3 www.fairchildsemi.com AN-684 typical clear, load, and count sequences (continued) shift right/left modes are performed by making the appro- priate selection on the selection inputs (s 2 ? s 0 ). each rising edge of the clock will cause the outputs to shift once in the direction which is selected. for shift-left operation, input d 3 is used as the serial input. for shift-right operation, input cet /d 0 is used as the serial input. during shift operation the terminal count output reflects the level at the q 3 output and the enables are ? don't cares ? . see figure 3 for shift operation timing relationships and shift sequences. the 100336 provides two special modes of operation. the complement mode performs a one's complement of the outputs (q 3 ? q 0 ) on the rising edge of the clock input regardless of the levels at the enable inputs. the hold fea- ture is asynchronous and simply stops counting or shifting operations. both complement and hold are performed with proper selection of the select inputs. for a complete truth table of the 100336 operation, refer to table 2. design considerations presetting the parallel inputs (p 3 ? p 0 ) may require a mix- ture of high's and low's. a low may be preset by leav- ing the respective input open as the 100336 has a 50 k ? resistor to v ee on the parallel inputs. a high must never be made by tying the input to v cc /v cca . this saturates the input transistor. instead the input is set at a diode drop below v cc /v cca for a preset high. see applications note 682. unused output pairs (q n /q n ) may be left unterminated. however, unused single outputs should be terminated to balance current switching in the outputs. for further details on system design considerations refer to the f100k ecl design guide. for ac/dc performance specifications and critical timing parameters refer to the 100336 datasheet. applications figure 4 and figure 5 demonstrate the use of the 100336 as up/down bcd counters. one additional gate is required to detect the limit count. notice the alternate gate methods in figure 4. the 100304 shows the classical and/ nand design similar to ttl and the 100302 shows the or/nor design of ecl. figure 6 incorporates the use of a 100331 triple d-type flip- flop. by using one stage of the 100331, a 50/50 duty cycle can be realized from the divider. an 8-bit parallel-to-serial shifter can be constructed by cas- cading two 100336's as shown in figure 7. the third counter reloads another 8-bit data word after eight serial counts.
www.fairchildsemi.com 4 AN-684 typical, clear, load, and count sequences illustrated below is the following sequence: 1. clear outputs to zero. 2. load (preset) to binary twelve. 3. shift-left using d 3 as serial input. 4. shift-right using cet /d 0 as serial input. note: in shift-right mode tc follows the q 3 output. note: in shift-left mode tc follows the d 3 input. note: cep is a ? don't care ? during shifting. figure 3. 100336 used as bi-directional shift register
5 www.fairchildsemi.com AN-684 truth table q 0 = lsb table 2. truth table 1 = l if q 0 ? q 3 = llll h if q 0 ? q 3 llll 2 = l if q 0 ? q 3 = hhhh h if q 0 ? q 3 hhhh h = high voltage level l = low voltage level x = don't care = low-to-high transition note 1: before the clock, tc is q 3 after the clock, tc is q2 figure 4. bcd up counter (0?9) inputs outputs mr s 2 s 1 s 0 cep d 0 /cet d 3 cp q 3 q 2 q 1 q 0 tc mode l l l l x x x p 3 p 2 p 1 p 0 l preset (parallel load) l l l h x x x q 3 q 2 q 1 q 0 l invert l l h l x x x d 3 q 3 q 2 q 1 d 3 shift left l l h h x x x q 2 q 1 q 0 d 0 q 3 (note 1) shift right l h l l l l x (q 0 ? q 3 ) minus 1 1 count down l h l l h l x x q 3 q 2 q 1 q 0 1 count down with cep not active l h l l x h x x q 3 q 2 q 1 q 0 h count down with cet not active l h l h x x x l l l l h clear l h h l l l x (q 0 ? q 3 ) plus 1 2 count up l h h l h l x x q 3 q 2 q 1 q 0 2 count up with cep not active l h h l x h x x q 3 q 2 q 1 q 0 h count up with cet not active l h h h x x x x q 3 q 2 q 1 q 0 h hold h l l l x x x x l l l l l h l l h x x x x l l l l l h l h l x x x x l l l l l h l h h x x x x l l l l l asynchronous h h l l x l x x l l l l l master reset h h l l x h x x l l l l h h h l h x x x x l l l l h h h h l x x x x l l l l h h h h h x x x x l l l l h
www.fairchildsemi.com 6 AN-684 figure 5. bcd down counter (9 ? 0) figure 6. divide by five figure 7. 8-bit shift left
7 www.fairchildsemi.com AN-684 100336 four-stage counter/shift register fairchild does not assume any responsibility for use of any circuitry described, no circuit patent licenses are implied and fairchild reserves the right at any time without notice to change said circuitry and specifications. life support policy fairchild ? s products are not authorized for use as critical components in life support devices or systems without the express written approval of the president of fairchild semiconductor corporation. as used herein: 1. life support devices or systems are devices or systems which, (a) are intended for surgical implant into the body, or (b) support or sustain life, and (c) whose failure to perform when properly used in accordance with instructions for use provided in the labeling, can be rea- sonably expected to result in a significant injury to the user. 2. a critical component in any component of a life support device or system whose failure to perform can be rea- sonably expected to cause the failure of the life support device or system, or to affect its safety or effectiveness. www.fairchildsemi.com
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